linux常用英语

『壹』 linux怎么读音发音英语(linux怎么读音发音)

1、linux怎么读正确发做拍音。

2、linux怎么读。

3、linux怎么读取光盘肢胡冲。

4、kali linux怎么读。历歼

1.Linux英[l?n?ks]、美[?lin?ks]，n.一种计算机操作系统。

2. 例句：he Research and Development of Embedded Control Platform Based on Linux.基于Linux的嵌入式控制平台的研究和开发。

『贰』 Linux英语是怎样读的

哎呀，我也被搞糊涂了，以前看的时候呢，就听很多高手说听过国外的那些linux高手都专读“林呢克斯”，但是现在属查了一下国外的词典又读“林纳克丝”。但美国人就是喜欢随便发音，呵呵。所以一般还是前面那种比较准确。就是u发音“额”。那个美国的词典网站是这样发音的http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/linux

『叁』 学linux需要什么基础

一，Linux需要学习什么

4，服务器的搭建，和配置，管理。（熟练掌握，工作就靠这个吃饭了。）

以上为上课学习必须要学的，要练的东西。以下为完成以上的工作后要学习的东西。

1，学历埋习计算机组成原理，计算极基础知识。（了解大概，懂原理）

2，汇编语言。（了解，懂原理）

3，现代操作系统。（掌握，理解原理，和概念性的东西）

二，你需要做什么

1，你是要学习到斗烂悉什么程度，按工资来说，3000 ，6000， 10000。学习状态对应关系，学学打打一会学习一会耍。每天认真学，跟着老师走，完成老师作业。每天认真学习，认真总结，提空乎高效率，有自己的思考，学习其他东西，有自己的·方向和目标。

2，听课程度。不听不懂，听不懂，听懂。这里只说听懂该怎么做。1，课前预习（非常重要）2，认真听讲。3，做好笔记。（不懂的记下来，讲操作的流程图记下来。大概框架有概念）

3，笔记，作业（笔记：概念的东西，原理，有规律总结笔记，尽量简洁而细致。作业：认真完成，遇到问题记录下来，有可能以后在工作中遇得到。作业的流程图记录在笔记头）

『肆』 网络操作系统LINUX,UNIX的英文音标,

linux [li 'neks]
unix ['ju:niks]
linux: ['linjuks]是中国人以前的读哗穗法,根据逗伏linus先生后来的确乱指卜定读[li 'neks]

『伍』 许多Linux命令后面会有ctl，例如journalctl，systemctl，apachectl等，那么这个ctl是什么英文单词的缩写

linux的系统是有很多的版本的，比如说linux的redhat，centos，Ubuntu等系统，不懂系统的版本不同命令也是版不同的，权你说的应该是centos或rhel吧。这样的系统在6版本和7版本的命是不同的7版本的命令的守护进程不是init而是systemctl。所以只有7版本的命令是systemctl，但是6版本的是service。关于7版本更多的信息可以参考linux就该这样学。希望能够帮助到你

『陆』 学习Linux需要懂英语吗，还需要哪些东西

需要一定英语水平，因为info、help、man都是很重要的，不过你不会英语就要勤劳一点看型型到陌生的单词多查查，看手册也就那几个单词懂个大概意思即可！不知道你会不会编程，会C的话，可以看看Unix高没慧级编程，可以完全领悟所有类Unix操作系统，如果你仅仅只是想正常使用，学几个知识点即可入门，1.安装过程以及分区 2.常用命令(cp,mv,who,poweroff,reboot,sync,find,wc,awk,sed,file,ifconfig,hostname,ping,vi…)vi知识点很多，最起码会保存退出，插入修改这些基本的操作！ 3.运行级别 4.常用配置文件 例如red hat的inittab 5.FHS标准 学完以上5个卜察猜知识点你就入门了。再找本《linux就该这么学》看看

『柒』 Linux需要懂得好多英语麼

由于Linux涉及的知识相对底层，除去GUI所能提供的中文界面，基本上我们看到的都是英文。如果你是一个Linux运维人员，你很清楚的知道，你每天打交道的linux很少能够看到中文。所以英文是学习Linux一大障碍，尤其是计算机英语与我们上学所学的英文完全是两码事。为什么这么说呢？

应试英语着重语法，考过CET-4的人都知道，几乎每一题都是变着法的考语法。而计算机英语其实是非常厚道的，计算机告诉你的一定是一个陈述句而不是作死的提示你一个反问句或者复杂的语句。比如，你在输入一个命令执行时，如果这个命令计算机没有找到，它会直接的告诉你：xxx command is not found 它不会问你: 这个命令难道真的存在吗？这种想抽它的语句。所以计算机英语关键在于需要掌握大量的名词和术语。
及时你的英文水平很差，但只要你坚持阅读计算机英文文档，是会慢慢提高计算机英文的阅读水平的。

『捌』 求有关linux的英文资料！！谢谢

Anatomy of Linux flash file systems
Options and architectures
Summary: You've probably heard of Journaling Flash File System (JFFS) and Yet
Another Flash File System (YAFFS), but do you know what it means to have a file
system that assumes an underlying flash device? This article introces you to
flash file systems for Linux®, explores how they care for their underlying
consumable devices (flash parts) through wear leveling, and identifies the
various flash file systems available along with their fundamental designs.
Solid-state drives are all the rage these days, but embedded systems have
used solid-state devices for storage for quite some time. You'll find flash
file systems used in personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, MP3
players, digital cameras, USB flash drives (UFDs), and even laptop computers.
In many cases, the file systems for commercial devices can be custom and
proprietary, but they face the same challenges discussed below.
Flash-based file systems come in a variety of forms. This article explores
a couple of the read-only file systems and also reviews the various read/write
file systems available today and how they work. But first, let's explore the
flash devices and the challenges that they introce.
Flash memory technologies
Flash memory, which can come in several different technologies, is non-volatile
memory, which means that its contents persist after its source of power is
removed. For a great history of flash memory devices, see Resources.
Two of the most common types of flash devices are defined by their
respective technologies: NOR and NAND. NOR-based flash is the older technology
that supported high read performance at the expense of smaller capacities. NAND
flash offers higher capacities with significantly faster write and erase
performance. NAND also requires a much more complicated input/output (I/O)
interface.
Flash parts are commonly divided into partitions, which allows
multiple operations to occur simultaneously (erasing one partition while
reading from another). Partitions are further divided into blocks
(commonly 64KB or 128KB in size). Firmware that uses the partitions can further
apply unique segmenting to the blocks—for example, 512-byte segments within a
block, not including metadata.
Flash devices exhibit a common constraint that requires device management
when compared to other storage devices such as RAM disks. The only Write
operation permitted on a flash memory device is to change a bit from a one to a
zero. If the reverse operation is needed, then the block must be erased (to
reset all bits to the one state). This means that other valid data within the
block must be moved for it to persist. NOR flash memory can typically be
programmed a byte at a time, whereas NAND flash memory must be programmed in
multi-byte bursts (typically, 512 bytes).
The process of erasing a block differs between the two memory types. Each
requires a special Erase operation that covers an entire block of the flash
memory. NOR technology requires a precursor step to clear all values to zero
before the Erase operation can begin. An Erase is a special operation
with the flash device and can be time-consuming. Erasing is an electrical
operation that drains the electrons from each cell in an entire block.
NOR flash devices typically require seconds for the Erase operation,
whereas a NAND device can erase in milliseconds. A key characteristic of flash
devices is the number of Erase operations that can be performed. In a NOR
device, each block in the flash memory can be erased up to 100,000 times. NAND
flash memories can be erased up to one million times.
Flash memory challenges
In addition to and as a result of the constraints explored in the previous
section, managing flash devices presents several challenges. The three most
important are garbage collection, managing bad blocks, and wear leveling.
Garbage collection
Garbage collection is the process of reclaiming invalid blocks (those that
contain some amount of invalid data). Reclamation involves moving the valid
data to a new block, and then erasing the invalid block to make it available.
This process is commonly done in the background or as needed, if the file
system is low on available space.
Managing bad blocks
Over time, flash devices can develop bad blocks through use and can even
ship from the manufacturer with blocks that are bad and cannot be used. You can
detect the presence of back blocks from a failed flash operation (such as an
Erase) or an invalid Write operation (discovered through an invalid Error
Correction Code, or ECC).
After bad blocks have been identified, they are marked within the flash
itself in a bad block table. How this is done is device-dependent but can be
implemented with a separate set of reserved blocks managed separately from
normal data blocks. The process of handling bad blocks—whether they ship with
the device or appear over time—is called bad block management. In some
cases, this functionality is implemented in hardware by an internal
microcontroller and is therefore transparent to the upper-level file system.
Wear leveling
Recall that flash devices are consumable parts: You can perform a finite
number of Erase cycles on each block before the block becomes bad (and must
therefore be tagged by bad block management). To maximize the life of the
flash, wear-leveling algorithms are provided. Wear leveling comes in two
varieties: dynamic wear leveling and static wear leveling.
Dynamic wear leveling addresses the problem of a limited number of Erase
cycles for a given block. Rather than randomly using blocks as they are
available, dynamic wear-leveling algorithms attempt to evenly distribute the
use of blocks so that each gets uniform use. Static wear-leveling algorithms
address an even more interesting problem. In addition to a maximum number of
Erase cycles, certain flash devices suffer from a maximum number of Read cycles
between Erase cycles. This means that if data sits for too long in a block and
is read too many times, the data can dissipate and result in data loss. Static
wear-leveling algorithms address this by periodically moving stale data to new
blocks.
System architecture
So far, I've explored flash devices and their fundamental challenges. Now,
look at how these pieces come together as part of a layered architecture (see
Figure 1). At the top is the virtual file system (VFS), which presents a common
interface to higher-level applications. The VFS is followed by the flash file
system, which will be covered in the next section. Next is the Flash
Translation Layer (FTL), which provides for overall management of the flash
device, including allocation of blocks from the underlying flash device as well
as address translation, dynamic wear leveling, and garbage collection. In some
flash devices, a portion of the FTL can be implemented in hardware.
The Linux kernel uses the Memory Technology Device (MTD) interface, which
is a generic interface for flash devices. The MTD can automatically detect the
width of the flash device bus and the number of devices necessary for
implementing the bus width.
Flash file systems
Several flash file systems are available for Linux. The next sectionsexplain the design and advantages of each.
Journaling Flash File System
One of the earliest flash file systems for Linux is called the Journaling
Flash File System. JFFS is a log-structured file system that was designed
for NOR flash devices. It was unique and addressed a variety of problems with
flash devices, but it created another.
JFFS viewed the flash device as a circular log of blocks. Data written to
the flash is written to the tail, and blocks at the head are reclaimed. The
space between the tail and head is free space; when this space becomes low, the
garbage collector is executed. The garbage collector moves valid blocks to the
tail of the log, skips invalid or obsolete blocks, and erases them (see Figure
2). The result is a file system that is automatically wear leveled both
statically and dynamically. The fundamental problem with this architecture is
that the flash device is erased too often (instead of an optimal erase
strategy), which wears the device out too quickly.
When a JFFS is mounted, the structural details are read into memory, whichcan be slow at mount-time and consume more memory than desired.
Journaling Flash File System 2
Although JFFS was very useful in its time, its wear-leveling algorithm
tended to shorten the life of NOR flash devices. The result was a redesign of
the underlying algorithm to remove the circular log. The JFFS2 algorithm was
designed for NAND flash devices and also includes improved performance with
compression.
In JFFS2, each block in the flash is treated independently. JFFS2 maintains
block lists to sufficiently wear-level the device. The clean list represents
blocks on the device that are full of valid nodes. The dirty list contains
blocks with at least one obsoleted node. Finally, the free list represents the
blocks that have been erased and are available for use.
The garbage collection algorithm can then intelligently decide what to
reclaim in a reasonable way. Currently, the algorithm probabilistically selects
from the clean or dirty list. The dirty list is selected 99 percent of the time
to reclaim blocks (moving the valid contents to another block), and the clean
list is selected 1 percent of the time (simply moving the contents to a new
block). In both cases, the selected block is erased and placed on the free list
(see Figure 3). This allows the garbage collector to re-use blocks that are
obsoleted (or partially so) but still move data around the flash to support
static wear leveling.
Yet Another Flash File System
YAFFS is another flash file system developed for NAND flash. The initial
version (YAFFS) supported flash devices with 512-byte pages, but the newer
version (YAFFS2) supports newer devices with larger page sizes and greater
Write constraints.
In most flash file systems, obsolete blocks are marked as such, but YAFFS2
additionally marks blocks with monotonically increasing sequence numbers. When
the file system is scanned at mount time, the valid inodes can be quickly
identified. YAFFS also maintains trees in RAM to represent the block structure
of the flash device, including fast mounting through checkpointing —the
process of saving the RAM tree structure to the flash device on a normal
unmount so that it can be quickly read and restored to RAM at mount time (see
Figure 4). Mount-time performance is a great advantage of YAFFS2 over other
flash file systems.
Read-only compressed file systems
In some embedded systems, there's no need to provide a mutable file system:
An immutable one will suffice. Linux supports a variety of read-only file
systems, two of the most useful are cramfs and SquashFS.
Cramfs
The cramfs file system is a compressed read-only Linux file system that can
exist within flash devices. The primary characteristics of cramfs are that it
is both simple and space-efficient. This file system is used in small-footprint
embedded designs.
While cramfs metadata is not compressed, cramfs uses zlib compression on a
per-page basis to allow random page access (pages are decompressed upon
access).
You can play with cramfs using the mkcramfs utility and the loopbackdevice.
SquashFS
SquashFS is another compressed read-only Linux file system that is useful
within flash devices. You'll also find SquashFS in numerous Live CD Linux
distributions. In addition to supporting zlib for compression, SquashFS uses
Lembel-Ziv-Markov chain Algorithm (LZMA) for improved compression and speed.
Like cramfs, you can use SquashFS on a standard Linux system withmksquashfs and the loopback device.
Going further
Like most of open source, software continues to evolve, and new flash file
systems are under development. An interesting alternative still in development
is LogFS, which includes some very novel ideas. For example, LogFS maintains a
tree structure on the flash device itself so that the mount times are similar
to traditional file systems, such as ext2. It also uses a wandering tree for
garbage collection (a form of B+tree). What makes LogFS particularly
interesting, however, is that it is very scalable and can support large flash
parts.
With the growing popularity of flash file systems, you'll see a
considerable amount of research being applied toward them. LogFS is one
example, but other options, such as UbiFS, are also growing. Flash file systems
are interesting architecturally and will continue to be a source of innovationin the future.

『玖』 Linux用英语怎么念

Linux
[英]['lɪnəks]

[美]['lɪnəks]
一种可免费使用的UNIX操作系统，运行于一般的PC机上;

Linux是一套免费使用和自由传播的类Unix操作系统，是一个基于POSIX和UNIX的多用户、多任务、支持多线程和多CPU的操作系统。它能运行主要的UNIX工具软件、应用程序和网络协议。它支持32位和64位硬件。Linux继承了Unix以网络为核心的设计思想，是一个性能稳定的多用户网络操作系统。
Linux操作系统诞生于1991 年10 月5 日（这是第一次正式向外公布时间）。Linux存在着许多不同的Linux版本，但它们都使用了Linux内核。Linux可安装在各种计算机硬件设备中，比如手机、平板电脑、路由器、视频游戏控制台、台式计算机、大型机和超级计算机。
严格来讲，Linux这个词本身只表示Linux内核，但实际上人们已经习惯了用Linux来形容整个基于Linux内核，并且使用GNU 工程各种工具和数据库的操作系统。

『拾』 Linux Kernel是什么

Linux kernel 译为 内核，其基础为linux平台，linux为C语言编写的内核，基于此内核又衍生出了具体的Red hat linux 、open suse linux等具体的操作系统，一套基于Linux内核的完整操作系统叫作Linux操作系统，或是GNU/Linux。

对于linux kernel，先看它的目录结构，这里只挑几个重要的说明。
arch 包括所有和体系结构相关的核心代码。从里面我们能看到arm、alpha、i386、mips、ia64这些文件夹,每种处理器架构都有不一样的硬件模块，这里就是要针对不同的架构进行不同的初始化。
init包含内核的初始化代码（不是系统的引导代码），其中有一个main.c文件，用于执行内核所有的初始化工作（包括初始化内存、初始化所有硬件、创建第一个任务task0，设置中断允许标志位），然后移到用户模式调用fork()函数创建新进程，并在控制台运行shell。
kernel 包含内核管理的核心代码，瞅这名就知道，这货是个重量级目录，所有的处理任务的程序，包括fork、exit、调度程序(sched.c)以及一些系统调用(sys.c)、信号处理(signal.c)、时间函数(time.c)，还有中断异常处理、电源管理等等一系列调用关系错综复杂的函数。
mm 包含所有的内存管理代码。其中包括实现进程的逻辑地址到实际物理地址的映射，实现分页、分段机制，实现内存页面异常中断处理程序等。
drivers包含系统中所有的设备驱动程序，比如什么cdrom啊bluetooth啊pci、i2c这些。
ipc 包含核心进程间的通信代码。
fs 存放Linux支持的文件系统代码，里面有ext2、ext3、ext4、fat、ntfs等等一堆目录。
net 内核的网络部分代码，其每个子目录对应于网络的一个方面，比如ieee80211、ipv4、ipv6这些目录。
lib 包含核心的库代码，什么strcpy、sprintf、sort这些函数都在里面。更多Linux知识可参考《Linux就该这么学》。