chineseloanwords

① 高本汉的学术评价

《中国音韵学研究》（Etudes sur la phonologiechinoise，陆续发表于1915—1926间）
《北京话语音读本》（A Mandarin Phonetic Reader in the Pekinese Dialect，斯德哥尔摩，1918)《中土王国的字与笔》 (Ordet och Pennan i Mittens Rike，瑞典语，1918)
《19世纪的东亚》 (Östasien under nittonde århundradet，瑞典语，1920)
《汉语语音与汉语言字》（Sound and Symbol in Chinese，伦敦，英语，1923)
《中日汉字分析字典》（Analytical Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese，1923)
《中国和日本的宗教》（Kinas og Japan Religioner，哥本哈根，1924)
《中国》、《日本》（斯德哥尔摩，1928)
《上古汉语问题》（1928)
《中国的思想世界》 (Från Kinas tankevärld，瑞典语，1929)
《诗经研究》（1932)
《古汉语字典》（Grammata Serica，1940，1957修订）
《〈诗经〉诠注》（BMFEA 1942—1946，共673页）
《汉语》（1946)
《〈书经〉诠注》（BMFEA ，1948—1949，共419页）
《中国话与中国文字》（1948)
《汉语入门》（1948)
《诗经》和《书经》校订本刊登于1950
《皮茨堡收藏的中国青铜器目录》（Catalogue of the ChineseBronzes in the Alfred P.Pittsburg Collection，明尼苏达大学出版社出版，1952)
《汉语言字简易课程》（1958)
《中国的宗教：经典的古董》 (Religion i Kina: Antiken，瑞典语，1964)
《汉朝以前文献中的假借字》（Loan Characters in Pre-Han Texts,I-V，BMFEA，1963—1967)
《左传》的注释汇编（BMFEA，1969—1970)
《汉语典籍词汇拾遗》（Gleanings for a Lexicon of Classical Chinese，I-Ⅲ，BMFEA，1972—1974) 《原始汉语是屈折语》（Le proto-chinois，langue flexionelle，法语，《亚细亚杂志》，15，1920)
《论左传的真伪和性质》（On the Authenticity and Nature of the Tso Chuan，《哥特堡大学学报》第32卷第3号，1926)《中国古籍的真伪》（The Authenticity of Ancient Chinese Texts，BMFEA,I，1929)
《汉语词族》（word Families in Chinese，BMFEA，5，1933)
《早期中国的青铜镜铭》（Early Chinese Mirror's Inscriptions，BMFEA，12)
《淮和汉》（Huai and Han，BMFEA，13，1941)
《早期东索恩文化的年代问题》（The Date of the Early Dong So’n Culture，BMFEA，14，1942)
《殷朝的武器和工具》（Some Weapons and Tools of the Yin Dynasty，BMFEA，17，1945)
《古代中国的传说和迷信》（Legends and Cults in Ancient China，BMFEA，18，1946)
《远东文物博物馆中的新铜器》（Some New Bronzes in the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities，BMFEA，24，1952)
《汉语语音系列中的同源词》（Cognate Words in Chinese Phonetic Series，BMFEA，28，1956)
《周代中国的祭礼》（BMFEA，40，1968)
《中国古镜》（Early Chinese Mirrors，BMFEA，40，1968)
《<；老子>；注》（Notes on Lao-Tse，BMFEA，47，1975)
《<；庄子>；某些篇章中的疑难词》（Moot Words in Some Chuang-Tse Chapters，BMFEA，48，1976)

② 翻译一下，

和法语，西班牙语，阿拉伯语以及中文一样，英语是联合国以及其下属的教科文组织使用的六种工作语言之一。
英语，作为一种被人们广泛使用的自然生成的语言与世界语有着不同之处。世界语是一种人为创造的世界性语言。它是由波兰的一个博士Ludovic Zamenhof (1859-1917)发明的。它由几种语言的部分融合而成，发明它主要是为了帮助来自不同国家的人们进行交流。但是，作为一种人为创造的语言，它缺乏文化以及文学基础，最后与发明的初衷不同，它日常很少被使用。
许多英语非母语国家的人都以英语作为学习外语的目标。比如，在中国，成千上万的学生在学习英语。汉语是中国人的源语言，英语就是他们的目标语言。在翻译中，源语言就是要被翻译的语言，而目标语言就是要被翻译成的语言。如果一个人要把一本英文书翻译成汉语，英文就是源语言而汉语就成了目标语言。一种语言可以从其他语言中借用一个词加以部分改变而使用，这种被借用的词我们可以称它为外来词。这种借用外来词的语言对于被借用的语言来说也是源语言。有时候，人们依靠第二语言或者外语来学习第三语言，这时候第二语言成为了媒介语。比如，一个中国学生依靠英文学习了斯瓦希里语（一种非洲语言），那么英语就是媒介语而斯瓦希里语是目标语言。

③ 跪求关于汉语言文学的毕业论文

浅谈西方文化对汉语言的影响

[摘要]语言是一种特殊的文化，语言中的各部分其文化性质的分布是不均衡的。从传统观点来看，语
音、词汇、语法这三个构成部分中，词汇最具文化资格，因为它有比较具体的内容。历来探讨语言和文化的关
系正是从词汇入手的，而借词则是研究这一课题的最佳内容。汉语借词的三大特点是从纯音译到意译、字形
意化以及字母词借用。这些特点都是受西方文化影响而形成的。
[关键词]借词；语言接触；文化接触

The Imlmct of W estern Culture on Chinese Loan——W ords
ZHAO Bin．．ning
(Heilongjiang University，Harbin 150080，China)
Absl耐：Chineseloan—words areinfluencedbywestern cultures．Firstly。thefeatures ofChinese—loanwords aredescribed．Thentheimpactofwo stem
culture On Chineseloan—wordsis represented．Finally。the pfl~T explainsthat Chineseloan—words embodythe ability oflanguageinclusion，creativity
and cmsis．
Keywords：loan—wo rd；language contact；culture contac

一
、汉语借词的特点
自鸦片战争以来，尤其是五四运动前后，西方
文化科学大规模地东移，给东方文化带来强烈的
冲击。至此，汉语从英语借用了大量词汇。涉及
到科学技术、军事、数学、物理、化学、天文、心理
学、生理学、政治、哲学、经济、法律、医学、工业、商
业、农业、外交、宗教及日常生活等领域。借用方
法是多种多样的，主要的有如下几种：
1．从纯音译到意译
从清朝起中国的封建王朝就已经同西方各国
进行贸易往来、文化交流。许多爱国者为了寻求
救国之道，纷纷向西方国家学习，并吸收了大量新
科学、新思潮的词语，而这些词语最初都是纯音
译，即选用同音汉字去标记外来词的语音。如英
语volt音译为”伏”。被音译的词大都是专用名词
(国名、地名、人名等)、货币单位、度量衡单位、动
植物名称、医药名、化学品名、艺术科技术语、历史
等特殊名词及一些日常用词，如“伦敦(London)”、
“芒果(mango)”、“先令(shilling)”、“安培(ain—
pere)”、“福尔马林(form~n)”、“探戈(tango)”、“沙
发(sofa)”、“克隆(clone)”。然而，许多音译词不能
反映出外来词的概念或内涵，往往会产生歧义，比
如：德谟克拉西(democracy)、布理的家门(predica—
ments)、爱康诺米(economy)等。后来，随着时代的
进步，意译词因为符合汉语言习惯并且表意明白
易懂，逐渐取代了早期的纯音译词。汉语具有自
己的语言规律，汉语的词音长度的最佳区间、汉语
的语素单音节倾向、汉语的词语系列化或系统化
要求以及中国人的认知特点大都有利于意译而不
利于音译。中国人对固有语言文化的偏心、对外
族语的陌生和偏见又使音译词受到更大的阻碍，
从而使意译词处于更有利的地位。
2．字形意化
从语言学的原理看，语言的声音和意义之间
不存在必然的联系。一种语言中表示事物名称概
念的词语译成另一种语言时，彼此只有声音相似，
而无语义联系。当英语中的外来词借用到中国
后，许多文人想把它们汉化，于是就根据传统的
“飞禽安鸟，水族著鱼”的办法把这些外来词写作
谐音字(罗常培1989)。象“shark”(鲨鱼)。这类
外来词利用汉语形声字的特点在音义形上得到最
佳组合，见形生义，见形生音，通过字形展示原词
的音义。
3．字母词的涌现
中国的改革开放不仅引来了外资，而且随着
中外文化经济交流与合作的增加，大量的外来词
势不可挡地涌人中国。随着信息社会的到来，信
息交换的频繁对词语的运用提出了简省的要求，
于是大量使用字母词。字母词一般是包含较大信
息量的缩略词，只用首字母，采用起来既方便又快
捷。比如：D l(S(double income no kids)丁克家
庭、WTO(the w0rld Trade Organization)世贸组织、
MBA(Master of Business Administration)工商管理硕
士学位、OPEC(Organization of the Petroleum Export—
ing Countries)欧佩克，等等。
每种语言都有自己的鲜明特点。当一种语言
的词汇进入另一种语言时，主方语言必然会对客
方语言的词汇进行驯化，使之在形式和内容两方
面都符合主方语言的结构规律和发展变化规律。
汉语借词的吸收方式从音译到意译以及字形意化
都表明了此规律所发挥的作用。汉语具有如双音
节、有声调、汉字表意性强等特点，如果外来词进
入汉语时不符合这些汉语言规律，自然就会受到
排斥，尤其是纯音译词，如果不经过汉化改造是很
难进入汉语词汇系统的。因此，汉语借词最大的
特点就是双音节化和表意化。
二、西方文化对汉语言的影响
西方文化对汉语借词最大的影响就是它见证
了宗教文化的传播。中国文化在古代经历的一次
最大的外来冲击就是梵印的佛教文化。由于佛教
文化的涌人并与中原固有的儒、道文化相结合，使
中国的文化开始了一个崭新的传统。在漫长的封
建社会中，至清末以前，没有任何一种外来文化可
以与佛教文化相匹敌，没有任何一种外来文化像
佛教文化那样深入到社会生活的各个领域，使人
们的深层意识也发生重大变化。与这种新意识、
新文化伴随而来的则是一大批新的词语，其中音
译外来词数以千计，数量惊人。尽管这些外来词
在现代汉语中已大部分退出，或只存在于专业人
员使用的狭小范围，但它们两千年来所起的作用
却是磨灭不掉的。只要选出一部分还不陌生的词
一128 一
语加以介绍，就可以证实其影响并非虚言夸大。
比如：梵天(Brahma)、婆罗f-1(Brahman)、佛(Bud—
dha)、佛教(Buddism)、阿弥陀佛(Amitabha)、菩萨
(Bodhi)、忏悔(I~ama)等。
西方文化对汉语借词的另一个重大影响就是
与西欧的科学文化结伴而来。科学文化的渗入是
与中国的对外开放分不开的。开放带来了西方科
学之风。中国大规模向外开放始于元代。成吉思
汗西征欧洲，忽必烈经营四方，同时也打开了中国
的大门，引来了众多异国的贤能商贾。其中著名
的有威尼斯商人马可·波罗；尼泊尔建筑师阿尼哥
以及许多欧洲的传教士。中西文化的融合体现在
天文、地理、科技、文学、宗教等领域。为了更好地
相互交流，西方出现了众多翻译家，比如意大利人
罗明坚(Michae1 Ru醉eri，1580年来华)、利玛窦
(Mattoe Ricci，1583年来华)、葡萄牙人傅泛际
(Francisco Furtado，1621年来华)、德国人汤若望
(Jean Adam Schall Von Bell，1662年来华)等约70
人。他们不仅拥有宗教方面的译著，而且关于科
学技术的译著大约还有120种。中国自己也涌现
了一批优秀的翻译大师，最早的是玄奘、严复，之
后有徐光启、李之藻、王徽、李经天等，他们的译著
涉及到天文学、数学、物理、矿冶学、水利学、生物 -
学、经院哲学、逻辑学等许多领域。早期翻译家更
多的是采用音译形式来介绍外来词。
三、结束语
语言借用往往受许多因素的影响，除了文化
影响，还有语言亲缘关系、社会的及个人的因素
等。中西文化的广泛交流导致了汉语从英语的借
用，并产生了大量汉语借词，这是民族文化交流的
必然结果，是一种不可避免的语言现象。它能大
大增加借人语言的词汇，提高语言学习者的表达
能力，是语言丰富、发展的一条重要途径。
[参考文献]
[1]许国璋．许国璋论语言．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，
1991．
[2]刘润清．西方语言学流派．北京：外语教学与研究出版
社。1999．
[3]胡兆云．语言接触与英汉借词研究．济南：山东．大学出
版社。2001．
[4]史有为．外来词——异文化的使者．上海：上海辞书出
版社，2OO4．

④ 刚从西方引进的网络英语词汇有哪些

hacker,黑客

⑤ 求助高手帮我翻译一下这个文章！！！急急急

对于这两个概念的中国英语和中式英语有许多学习，做research.For例如，在1980年的葛传中“翻译”的问题。 “中国英语”。他指出，英语是英语，使用英语以外的任何英语国家的人，应按照使用的英文nation.However的在每个国家都有自己的情况，就中国而言，无论是在旧中国和新中国，讲英语或写英语有一些独特的东西需要表达，如四书“（四），eight1egged文章（八股文），”五四“运动（五四运动），秀才（学者）所有上面的表达式的英语属于来china.Mr。 ，GE中国英语的定义被认为是开始的研究中国english.On此基础上，许多学者研究的角度看中国英语，如李重，章呸盛，汪榕培，谢之均的定义和其他中国english.Although学者产生了不同的中国英语的定义，但所有这些定义的方式基本上是相同的，即中国英语是基于标准的英语为核心的英语与中国characteristics.Li的重中的“外语教学研究“出版的”中国英语和中国英语“一文，在文章中定义了中国英语（中国英语），指的是中国式英语（中式英语）的定义，比较中国英语”中式英语“，是”一种奇怪的行，混合，非会议的中国语言文字“。黎温种把它定义为中国英语学习者的英语为母语的干扰和影响力的英语沟通能力，硬性规则和习惯，出现不标准或英语文化的习惯的变形english.Chinglish的是一种中介语现象在中国的英语学习者在学习的过程中，English.It是个人，的过渡和不稳定characteristics.Zhu万众柳汀，中国英语和中式英语的比较来自三个方面：词汇，语音，语法解释之间的差异，中国英语和中式英语的特点。 （一）词汇量和词汇特色的中国英语（中国借贷主要是中国的外来词在英语中）。据统计，中国的英语外来词在越来越比1000.Chinese外来词进入英语，有的已经进入英语的标准字典和其他参考书籍，有些已经在美国，普遍使用的english.The研究发现，中国的英语创造新词的音译，翻译，语义表示方法。 （1）（音译），是指英语，不符合中国的词汇表达，根据人的中文发音，捏造一些有中国特色的条款，如尹阳（阴阳），mahjiang（麻将）。 （2）翻译（翻译）是中国词汇的翻译源于英文单词express.Such作为铺设工人（下岗工人）;一个国家，两种制度（系统）（3）（1iteral翻译）是指原直接的原话成英语字。直译可以保存文化特色，同时也有利于中国文化和西方文化的交流和表达语言的字面意思和结构。 （4）语义表示..在中国文化环境中的一些英语单词，它的语义将体验到再生的过程，导致一个新的meaning.There中是一个部分的英文含义的词或短语集合在中国被翻译成英文后形成的中国英语（二）讲话的语言在语音功能级别的表现在两方面的语音段和超音段音位可以做吗？

⑥ 英语的发展为什么是heavy borrower

1. Development of English vocabulary
All the words in a language together constitute what is known as its vocabulary.
A. English vocabulary as viewed in the historical perspective
The history of English begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes from about 450 AD.
The language they spoke was Anglo-Saxon, which replaced the Celtic spoken by the former inhabitants. The next seven hundred years (449-1100) are known as the Old English (OE) or Anglo-Saxon (AS) period of the English language.
The vocabulary of Old English contains some fifty or sixty thousand words, which were chiefly Anglo-Saxon with a small mixture of Old Norse (a general term for the Scandinavian language in its very early stage) words as a result of the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests of England in the ninth century.
During the Old English period, English language borrowed a considerable number of Latin words, especially after the introction of Christianity into Britain in 597.
e.g. bargain, cheap, inch, pound; cup, dish, wall, wine; abbot, altar, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, nun, priest, pope, shrine, temple and a great many others.
The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is know as Middle English (ME 1100-1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.
Since the French-speaking Normans were the ruling class, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and cultural matters; but the masses continued to speak English.
The French loan words(借词)were found in every section of the vocabulary:
e.g. law and governmental administration (judge, jury, justice; government, parliament, state…); military affairs (conquer, sergeant, victory…); religion (baptism, confess, divine, sermon…); clothing (coat, dress, gown, robe…); food (beef, mutton, pork, dinner…); art (beauty, image, design…); literature (chapter, poet, prose…);
science (medicine, remedy, surgeon), and so on.
The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English.
In the early stages of this period (including the years between 1500 and about 1700) the Renaissance brought great changes to vocabulary. In this period, the study of classics were stressed and the result was the wholesale borrowing from Latin. The Latin loan words were mostly connected with science and abstract ideas.
e.g. chemist, function, scientific, vacuum; area, irony, theory, ecation, adapt, exist, appropriate, precise.
The renewed study of Greek also led to the introction of some Greek words directly into the English vocabulary. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words.
e.g. drama, comedy, tragedy, lexicon, criterion, botany, physics and so on.
From the 16th century onward, English borrowed words from an increasing number of languages,
For example, from
French: attach, café and so on;
Italian (mainly in the fields of music, art and architecture): concert, et, piano, soprano, solo, tenor; model, bust, studio; dome, balcony, piassa and so on;
Spanish: armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa and cigar;
Portuguese: caste and pagoda;
German: bismuth, cobalt, nickel and zinc;
Dutch: dock, freight and keel;
Russian: vodka, troika, ruble and tsar;
Australian: boomerang, kangaroo and dingo;
Arabic: sugar, sultan and alcohol;
Indian: coolie, cashmere and khaki;
Hebrew: schmozzo and schmalts;
Chinese: tea, typhoon and yamen;
Japanese: kimono and tycoon;
African: gorilla and zebra.
In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical development.
As summed up in The Encyclopedia Americana: "…The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed" English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the language in the world, estimated at more than a million words.

⑦ 一篇英语作文~~~汉语对世界的影响

Throughout history Chinese culture and politics has had a great influence on unrelated languages such as Korean and Japanese. Korean and Japanese both have writing systems employing Chinese characters.
Languages within the influence of Chinese culture also have a very large number of loanwords from Chinese. Fifty percent or more of Korean vocabulary is of Chinese origin, likewise for a significant percentage of Japanese and Vietnamese vocabulary.
Loan words from Chinese also exist in European languages such as English. Examples of such words are "tea" from the Minnan pronunciation of 茶 , "ketchup" from the Cantonese pronunciation of 茄汁 and "kumquat" from the Cantonese pronunciation of 金橘.
Nowadays, more and more people in the world prefer learing Chinese and understanding the its culture as China has been playing more and more important role in the world affairs.

⑧ 外来语对英语的影响 50分献上，回答的好再追50-100

Foreign language influences in English
While many words enter English as slang, not all do. Some words are adopted from other languages; some are mixtures of existing words (portmanteau words), and some are new coinages made of roots from dead languages: e.g. thanitopsis. No matter the origin, though, words seldom, if ever, are immediately accepted into the English language. Here is a list of the most common foreign language influences in English, where other languages have influenced or contributed words to English.

French words for the meat of an animal, noble words (this comes from the influence of the Norman language), words referring to food - e.g. au gratin. Nearly 30% of English words (in an 80,000 word dictionary) may be of French origin.
German: Main article: List of German expressions in English. Some words relating to the World War I and the World War II, e.g. blitz. And some food terms, such as wurst, hamburger and frankfurter. Also: wanderlust, schadenfreude, zeitgeist, kaputt, kindergarten, autobahn, rucksack.
Scandinavian languages such as Old Norse - words such as sky and troll or, more recently, geysir.
Dutch - words relating to sailing, e.g. skipper, keel etc., and civil engineering, such as dam, polder.
Latin words, technical or biological names, medical terminology, legal terminology. See also: Latin influence in English
Greek words - medical terminology (like for instance phobias and ologies)
Spanish - words relating to Spanish culture - for example paella, siesta, plaza, salsa, etc.
Italian - words relating to music, piano, fortissimo. Or Italian culture, such as piazza, pizza, gondola, balcony, fascism. The English word umbrella comes from Italian ombrello.
Arabic - Islamic religious terms such as jihad and hadith. Also some scientific vocabulary borrowed through Iberian Romance languages in the Middle Ages (alcohol, algebra, azimuth, nadir).
Nahuatl - tomato, coyote, chocolate.
Afrikaans - apartheid, trek.
Russian - words relating to the Cold War and the aftermath (perestroika, glasnost), and also words relating to Russian culture, such as Cossack or Babushka.
Indian - words relating to culture, originating from the colonial era. Many of these words are of Persian origin rather than Hindi because Persian was the official language of the Mughal courts. e.g.: pyjamas, bungalow, verandah, jungle, curry, shampoo, khaki.
----------------
Lists of English words of international origin
These are lists of words in the English language which are known as "loanwords" or "borrowings," which are derived from other languages:

List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin
List of English words of African origin
List of English words of Afrikaans origin
List of English words of Arabic origin
List of English words of Chinese origin
List of English words of Czech origin
List of English words of Dutch origin
List of English words of Etruscan origin
List of English words of Finnish origin
List of English words of French origin
German loan words
List of German expressions in English (a small German-English dictionary)
English words of Greek origin (a discussion rather than a list)
List of Greek words with English derivatives
List of English words of Hawaiian origin
List of English words of Hebrew origin
List of English words of Hungarian origin
List of English words of Indian origin
List of English words of Sanskrit origin
List of English words of Tamil origin
List of English words of Hindi origin
List of English words of Ur origin
List of English words of Telugu origin
List of English words of Indonesian origin, including from Javanese, Malay (Sumatran) Sundanese, Papuan (Irian Jaya), Balinese, Dayak and other local languages in Indonesia
List of English words of Irish origin
List of English words of Italian origin
List of English words of Japanese origin
List of English words of Korean origin
List of Latin words with English derivatives
List of English words of Malay origin
List of English words of Maori origin
List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas
List of English words of Norwegian origin
List of English words of Old Norse origin (often coming from Vikings from Denmark or Norway, but at the time there was little distinction between the Old Norse dialects spoken in the three Scandinavian countries.)
List of English words of Persian origin
List of English words of Polish origin
List of English words of Portuguese origin
List of English words of Romanian origin
List of English words of Russian origin
List of English words of Serbo-Croatian origin
List of English words of Slovak origin
List of English words of Scots origin
List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin
List of English words of Spanish origin
List of English words of Swedish origin
List of English words of Tagalog origin
List of English words of Turkic origin
List of English words of Ukrainian origin
List of English words of Welsh origin
List of English words of Yiddish origin
----------------------
How French Has Influenced English
The English language has been shaped by a number of other languages over the centuries, and many English speakers know that Latin and German were two of the most important. What many people don't realize is how much the French language has influenced English.

Without going into too much detail, I want to give a little bit of background about the other languages which shaped English. It was born out of the dialects of three German tribes (Angles, Jutes, and Saxons) who settled in Britain in about 450 A.D. This group of dialects forms what linguists refer to as Anglo-Saxon, and at some point this language developed into what we know as Old English. This Germanic base was influenced in varying degrees by Celtic, Latin, and Scandinavian (Old Norse) - the languages spoken by invading armies.

Bill Bryson calls the Norman conquest of 1066 the "final cataclysm [which] awaited the English language." (1) When William the Conqueror became king of England, French took over as the language of the court, administration, and culture - and stayed there for 300 years. Meanwhile, English was "demoted" to everyday, unprestigious uses. These two languages existed side by side in England with no noticeable difficulties; in fact, since English was essentially ignored by grammarians ring this time, it took advantage of its lowly status to become a grammatically simpler language and, after only 70 or 80 years existing side-by-side with French, Old English segued into Middle English.

Vocabulary

During the Norman occupation, about 10,000 French words were adopted into English, some three-fourths of which are still in use today. This French vocabulary is found in every domain, from government and law to art and literature - learn some. More than a third of all English words are derived directly or indirectly from French, and it's estimated that English speakers who have never studied French already know 15,000 French words. (2)

Pronunciation

English pronunciation owes a lot to French as well. Whereas Old English had the unvoiced fricative sounds , , (as in thin), and (shin), French influence helped to distinguish their voiced counterparts , , (the), and (mirage), and also contributed the diphthong (boy). (3)
(What is voiced/unvoiced/fricative?)

Grammar

Another rare but interesting remnant of French influence is in the word order of expressions like secretary general and surgeon general, where English has retained the noun + adjective word order typical in French, rather than the usual adjective + noun used in English.

Learn More

If you are interested in French and/or English linguistics and would like to learn more about their reciprocal relationship, please visit the links below and the further reading resources listed on the right.

⑨ 求帮忙翻译！！PPT介绍急用！

In a sense, Japanese is based on Chinese . But since the Meiji Restoration , since the invasion of Western culture , there has been a lot of Japanese loanwords . Loanwords mainly refers to the sixteenth century passed after absorption from Japan than in other Chinese language to Japanese words , most of which comes from the Anglo-American language . It is to continue to develop in the introction of modern Western culture based on up . In Japanese, the main katakana notation foreign language, vocabulary and writing a special message . These phonetic katakana to represent , and some have been completely integrated into the Japanese , are increasingly being used by the Japanese , has almost no feeling from a foreign language . Some people say that you can speak English when you forget to Japanese words instead.

First, the characteristics of Japanese loanwords

In addition to the large number of addition , there are several features of Japanese loanwords . The first is that the vast majority of Japanese loanwords from English, French, German and other Western languages , including English 80% . Such as: su Te Leo (stereo, radio ) , Tatariーku Shin (taxi, taxi ) , and so on . Similarly, in the process of learning English , we also find Japanese etymology. Such as : kimono ( kimono ), tycoon ( influential VIP ) and so on. Many Chinese words in Japanese , mostly imported from China since ancient times , from the definition of foreign language point of view, it should belong to the Chinese vocabulary of a foreign language . However , from the usual perspective, Chinese vocabulary does not include the foreign language in .

Because katakana convenience , give Japanese loanwords brought second feature , namely involving a wide range of aspects of daily life permeates . Now, the use of foreign languages , accounting for about 12% of written , oral accounts for about 10.1%. Generally speaking, a language in the introction of foreign words will consider whether there exists vocabulary in order to avoid too many foreign words , but in the introction of foreign words in Japanese , does not seem to take this into account . In fact there are already a lot of foreign words corresponding conventional vocabulary. Such as: Chiba KellyッSuites (chi ke to), from the English words ticket, there are words that represent the same meaning in Japanese , or " cut character (kippu)". Another example : su Tatari terrestrialィー(su ta de i), comes from the English word study, the Japanese equivalent of " barely (bennkyou)".

Thus, most of the pronunciation of foreign words are from English .

Second, the Japanese foreign language representation of the relationship with the English pronunciation of words

We know that Japanese is a syllabic language , English is phonetic . Japanese foreign language in the original English transliteration of the Japanese when carried out in accordance with the Japanese voice processing . Transliteration of foreign words is over .

Note: The Japanese label Roman tone writing ra ri ru re ro read as la li lu le lo

No [v] in the Japanese pronunciation of the sound . So under normal circumstances , where there are [v] words , their pronunciation are used [b] instead. Such as:

It should be noted that, in addition to Japanese loanwords mainly from English , there are some from other European languages. Such as: bread nn ( bread ) [pan], from the Portuguese pão; Gomu ( rubber ) [gomu], from the Dutch gom; of Energy have ( energy ) [e neru gi-], from the German energie. Some from the Spanish, Russian, Italian and so on.

⑩ 本科毕业论文摘要翻译。万谢！！

Abstract: Rising American interest rates, excessive innovation in financial procts, and the overly easy credit system in America, among a series of other factors, have led to the eruption to this subprime mortgage loan crisis. The global financial catastrophe caused by the subprime mortgage loan crisis is considered the most severe and influential financial crisis of the second half of the 20th century. Although it has not had much direct impact on China, an in-depth analysis of the causes and impact of the crisis will undoubtedly be illustrative for the globalizing Chinese economy and commercial banks' risk management for personal housing mortgage loans.

Key words: subprime mortgage crisis; housing mortgage loans; commercial banks; risk management