linux常用英語

『壹』 linux怎麼讀音發音英語(linux怎麼讀音發音)

1、linux怎麼讀正確發做拍音。

2、linux怎麼讀。

3、linux怎麼讀取光碟肢胡沖。

4、kali linux怎麼讀。歷殲

1.Linux英[l?n?ks]、美[?lin?ks]，n.一種計算機操作系統。

2. 例句：he Research and Development of Embedded Control Platform Based on Linux.基於Linux的嵌入式控制平台的研究和開發。

『貳』 Linux英語是怎樣讀的

哎呀，我也被搞糊塗了，以前看的時候呢，就聽很多高手說聽過國外的那些linux高手都專讀「林呢克斯」，但是現在屬查了一下國外的詞典又讀「林納克絲」。但美國人就是喜歡隨便發音，呵呵。所以一般還是前面那種比較准確。就是u發音「額」。那個美國的詞典網站是這樣發音的http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/linux

『叄』 學linux需要什麼基礎

一，Linux需要學習什麼

4，伺服器的搭建，和配置，管理。（熟練掌握，工作就靠這個吃飯了。）

以上為上課學習必須要學的，要練的東西。以下為完成以上的工作後要學習的東西。

1，學歷埋習計算機組成原理，計算極基礎知識。（了解大概，懂原理）

2，匯編語言。（了解，懂原理）

3，現代操作系統。（掌握，理解原理，和概念性的東西）

二，你需要做什麼

1，你是要學習到斗爛悉什麼程度，按工資來說，3000 ，6000， 10000。學習狀態對應關系，學學打打一會學習一會耍。每天認真學，跟著老師走，完成老師作業。每天認真學習，認真總結，提空乎高效率，有自己的思考，學習其他東西，有自己的·方向和目標。

2，聽課程度。不聽不懂，聽不懂，聽懂。這里只說聽懂該怎麼做。1，課前預習（非常重要）2，認真聽講。3，做好筆記。（不懂的記下來，講操作的流程圖記下來。大概框架有概念）

3，筆記，作業（筆記：概念的東西，原理，有規律總結筆記，盡量簡潔而細致。作業：認真完成，遇到問題記錄下來，有可能以後在工作中遇得到。作業的流程圖記錄在筆記頭）

『肆』 網路操作系統LINUX,UNIX的英文音標,

linux [li 'neks]
unix ['ju:niks]
linux: ['linjuks]是中國人以前的讀嘩穗法,根據逗伏linus先生後來的確亂指卜定讀[li 'neks]

『伍』 許多Linux命令後面會有ctl，例如journalctl，systemctl，apachectl等，那麼這個ctl是什麼英文單詞的縮寫

linux的系統是有很多的版本的，比如說linux的redhat，centos，Ubuntu等系統，不懂系統的版本不同命令也是版不同的，權你說的應該是centos或rhel吧。這樣的系統在6版本和7版本的命是不同的7版本的命令的守護進程不是init而是systemctl。所以只有7版本的命令是systemctl，但是6版本的是service。關於7版本更多的信息可以參考linux就該這樣學。希望能夠幫助到你

『陸』 學習Linux需要懂英語嗎，還需要哪些東西

需要一定英語水平，因為info、help、man都是很重要的，不過你不會英語就要勤勞一點看型型到陌生的單詞多查查，看手冊也就那幾個單詞懂個大概意思即可！不知道你會不會編程，會C的話，可以看看Unix高沒慧級編程，可以完全領悟所有類Unix操作系統，如果你僅僅只是想正常使用，學幾個知識點即可入門，1.安裝過程以及分區 2.常用命令(cp,mv,who,poweroff,reboot,sync,find,wc,awk,sed,file,ifconfig,hostname,ping,vi…)vi知識點很多，最起碼會保存退出，插入修改這些基本的操作！ 3.運行級別 4.常用配置文件 例如red hat的inittab 5.FHS標准 學完以上5個卜察猜知識點你就入門了。再找本《linux就該這么學》看看

『柒』 Linux需要懂得好多英語麼

由於Linux涉及的知識相對底層，除去GUI所能提供的中文界面，基本上我們看到的都是英文。如果你是一個Linux運維人員，你很清楚的知道，你每天打交道的linux很少能夠看到中文。所以英文是學習Linux一大障礙，尤其是計算機英語與我們上學所學的英文完全是兩碼事。為什麼這么說呢？

應試英語著重語法，考過CET-4的人都知道，幾乎每一題都是變著法的考語法。而計算機英語其實是非常厚道的，計算機告訴你的一定是一個陳述句而不是作死的提示你一個反問句或者復雜的語句。比如，你在輸入一個命令執行時，如果這個命令計算機沒有找到，它會直接的告訴你：xxx command is not found 它不會問你: 這個命令難道真的存在嗎？這種想抽它的語句。所以計算機英語關鍵在於需要掌握大量的名詞和術語。
及時你的英文水平很差，但只要你堅持閱讀計算機英文文檔，是會慢慢提高計算機英文的閱讀水平的。

『捌』 求有關linux的英文資料！！謝謝

Anatomy of Linux flash file systems
Options and architectures
Summary: You've probably heard of Journaling Flash File System (JFFS) and Yet
Another Flash File System (YAFFS), but do you know what it means to have a file
system that assumes an underlying flash device? This article introces you to
flash file systems for Linux®, explores how they care for their underlying
consumable devices (flash parts) through wear leveling, and identifies the
various flash file systems available along with their fundamental designs.
Solid-state drives are all the rage these days, but embedded systems have
used solid-state devices for storage for quite some time. You'll find flash
file systems used in personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, MP3
players, digital cameras, USB flash drives (UFDs), and even laptop computers.
In many cases, the file systems for commercial devices can be custom and
proprietary, but they face the same challenges discussed below.
Flash-based file systems come in a variety of forms. This article explores
a couple of the read-only file systems and also reviews the various read/write
file systems available today and how they work. But first, let's explore the
flash devices and the challenges that they introce.
Flash memory technologies
Flash memory, which can come in several different technologies, is non-volatile
memory, which means that its contents persist after its source of power is
removed. For a great history of flash memory devices, see Resources.
Two of the most common types of flash devices are defined by their
respective technologies: NOR and NAND. NOR-based flash is the older technology
that supported high read performance at the expense of smaller capacities. NAND
flash offers higher capacities with significantly faster write and erase
performance. NAND also requires a much more complicated input/output (I/O)
interface.
Flash parts are commonly divided into partitions, which allows
multiple operations to occur simultaneously (erasing one partition while
reading from another). Partitions are further divided into blocks
(commonly 64KB or 128KB in size). Firmware that uses the partitions can further
apply unique segmenting to the blocks—for example, 512-byte segments within a
block, not including metadata.
Flash devices exhibit a common constraint that requires device management
when compared to other storage devices such as RAM disks. The only Write
operation permitted on a flash memory device is to change a bit from a one to a
zero. If the reverse operation is needed, then the block must be erased (to
reset all bits to the one state). This means that other valid data within the
block must be moved for it to persist. NOR flash memory can typically be
programmed a byte at a time, whereas NAND flash memory must be programmed in
multi-byte bursts (typically, 512 bytes).
The process of erasing a block differs between the two memory types. Each
requires a special Erase operation that covers an entire block of the flash
memory. NOR technology requires a precursor step to clear all values to zero
before the Erase operation can begin. An Erase is a special operation
with the flash device and can be time-consuming. Erasing is an electrical
operation that drains the electrons from each cell in an entire block.
NOR flash devices typically require seconds for the Erase operation,
whereas a NAND device can erase in milliseconds. A key characteristic of flash
devices is the number of Erase operations that can be performed. In a NOR
device, each block in the flash memory can be erased up to 100,000 times. NAND
flash memories can be erased up to one million times.
Flash memory challenges
In addition to and as a result of the constraints explored in the previous
section, managing flash devices presents several challenges. The three most
important are garbage collection, managing bad blocks, and wear leveling.
Garbage collection
Garbage collection is the process of reclaiming invalid blocks (those that
contain some amount of invalid data). Reclamation involves moving the valid
data to a new block, and then erasing the invalid block to make it available.
This process is commonly done in the background or as needed, if the file
system is low on available space.
Managing bad blocks
Over time, flash devices can develop bad blocks through use and can even
ship from the manufacturer with blocks that are bad and cannot be used. You can
detect the presence of back blocks from a failed flash operation (such as an
Erase) or an invalid Write operation (discovered through an invalid Error
Correction Code, or ECC).
After bad blocks have been identified, they are marked within the flash
itself in a bad block table. How this is done is device-dependent but can be
implemented with a separate set of reserved blocks managed separately from
normal data blocks. The process of handling bad blocks—whether they ship with
the device or appear over time—is called bad block management. In some
cases, this functionality is implemented in hardware by an internal
microcontroller and is therefore transparent to the upper-level file system.
Wear leveling
Recall that flash devices are consumable parts: You can perform a finite
number of Erase cycles on each block before the block becomes bad (and must
therefore be tagged by bad block management). To maximize the life of the
flash, wear-leveling algorithms are provided. Wear leveling comes in two
varieties: dynamic wear leveling and static wear leveling.
Dynamic wear leveling addresses the problem of a limited number of Erase
cycles for a given block. Rather than randomly using blocks as they are
available, dynamic wear-leveling algorithms attempt to evenly distribute the
use of blocks so that each gets uniform use. Static wear-leveling algorithms
address an even more interesting problem. In addition to a maximum number of
Erase cycles, certain flash devices suffer from a maximum number of Read cycles
between Erase cycles. This means that if data sits for too long in a block and
is read too many times, the data can dissipate and result in data loss. Static
wear-leveling algorithms address this by periodically moving stale data to new
blocks.
System architecture
So far, I've explored flash devices and their fundamental challenges. Now,
look at how these pieces come together as part of a layered architecture (see
Figure 1). At the top is the virtual file system (VFS), which presents a common
interface to higher-level applications. The VFS is followed by the flash file
system, which will be covered in the next section. Next is the Flash
Translation Layer (FTL), which provides for overall management of the flash
device, including allocation of blocks from the underlying flash device as well
as address translation, dynamic wear leveling, and garbage collection. In some
flash devices, a portion of the FTL can be implemented in hardware.
The Linux kernel uses the Memory Technology Device (MTD) interface, which
is a generic interface for flash devices. The MTD can automatically detect the
width of the flash device bus and the number of devices necessary for
implementing the bus width.
Flash file systems
Several flash file systems are available for Linux. The next sectionsexplain the design and advantages of each.
Journaling Flash File System
One of the earliest flash file systems for Linux is called the Journaling
Flash File System. JFFS is a log-structured file system that was designed
for NOR flash devices. It was unique and addressed a variety of problems with
flash devices, but it created another.
JFFS viewed the flash device as a circular log of blocks. Data written to
the flash is written to the tail, and blocks at the head are reclaimed. The
space between the tail and head is free space; when this space becomes low, the
garbage collector is executed. The garbage collector moves valid blocks to the
tail of the log, skips invalid or obsolete blocks, and erases them (see Figure
2). The result is a file system that is automatically wear leveled both
statically and dynamically. The fundamental problem with this architecture is
that the flash device is erased too often (instead of an optimal erase
strategy), which wears the device out too quickly.
When a JFFS is mounted, the structural details are read into memory, whichcan be slow at mount-time and consume more memory than desired.
Journaling Flash File System 2
Although JFFS was very useful in its time, its wear-leveling algorithm
tended to shorten the life of NOR flash devices. The result was a redesign of
the underlying algorithm to remove the circular log. The JFFS2 algorithm was
designed for NAND flash devices and also includes improved performance with
compression.
In JFFS2, each block in the flash is treated independently. JFFS2 maintains
block lists to sufficiently wear-level the device. The clean list represents
blocks on the device that are full of valid nodes. The dirty list contains
blocks with at least one obsoleted node. Finally, the free list represents the
blocks that have been erased and are available for use.
The garbage collection algorithm can then intelligently decide what to
reclaim in a reasonable way. Currently, the algorithm probabilistically selects
from the clean or dirty list. The dirty list is selected 99 percent of the time
to reclaim blocks (moving the valid contents to another block), and the clean
list is selected 1 percent of the time (simply moving the contents to a new
block). In both cases, the selected block is erased and placed on the free list
(see Figure 3). This allows the garbage collector to re-use blocks that are
obsoleted (or partially so) but still move data around the flash to support
static wear leveling.
Yet Another Flash File System
YAFFS is another flash file system developed for NAND flash. The initial
version (YAFFS) supported flash devices with 512-byte pages, but the newer
version (YAFFS2) supports newer devices with larger page sizes and greater
Write constraints.
In most flash file systems, obsolete blocks are marked as such, but YAFFS2
additionally marks blocks with monotonically increasing sequence numbers. When
the file system is scanned at mount time, the valid inodes can be quickly
identified. YAFFS also maintains trees in RAM to represent the block structure
of the flash device, including fast mounting through checkpointing —the
process of saving the RAM tree structure to the flash device on a normal
unmount so that it can be quickly read and restored to RAM at mount time (see
Figure 4). Mount-time performance is a great advantage of YAFFS2 over other
flash file systems.
Read-only compressed file systems
In some embedded systems, there's no need to provide a mutable file system:
An immutable one will suffice. Linux supports a variety of read-only file
systems, two of the most useful are cramfs and SquashFS.
Cramfs
The cramfs file system is a compressed read-only Linux file system that can
exist within flash devices. The primary characteristics of cramfs are that it
is both simple and space-efficient. This file system is used in small-footprint
embedded designs.
While cramfs metadata is not compressed, cramfs uses zlib compression on a
per-page basis to allow random page access (pages are decompressed upon
access).
You can play with cramfs using the mkcramfs utility and the loopbackdevice.
SquashFS
SquashFS is another compressed read-only Linux file system that is useful
within flash devices. You'll also find SquashFS in numerous Live CD Linux
distributions. In addition to supporting zlib for compression, SquashFS uses
Lembel-Ziv-Markov chain Algorithm (LZMA) for improved compression and speed.
Like cramfs, you can use SquashFS on a standard Linux system withmksquashfs and the loopback device.
Going further
Like most of open source, software continues to evolve, and new flash file
systems are under development. An interesting alternative still in development
is LogFS, which includes some very novel ideas. For example, LogFS maintains a
tree structure on the flash device itself so that the mount times are similar
to traditional file systems, such as ext2. It also uses a wandering tree for
garbage collection (a form of B+tree). What makes LogFS particularly
interesting, however, is that it is very scalable and can support large flash
parts.
With the growing popularity of flash file systems, you'll see a
considerable amount of research being applied toward them. LogFS is one
example, but other options, such as UbiFS, are also growing. Flash file systems
are interesting architecturally and will continue to be a source of innovationin the future.

『玖』 Linux用英語怎麼念

Linux
[英]['lɪnəks]

[美]['lɪnəks]
一種可免費使用的UNIX操作系統，運行於一般的PC機上;

Linux是一套免費使用和自由傳播的類Unix操作系統，是一個基於POSIX和UNIX的多用戶、多任務、支持多線程和多CPU的操作系統。它能運行主要的UNIX工具軟體、應用程序和網路協議。它支持32位和64位硬體。Linux繼承了Unix以網路為核心的設計思想，是一個性能穩定的多用戶網路操作系統。
Linux操作系統誕生於1991 年10 月5 日（這是第一次正式向外公布時間）。Linux存在著許多不同的Linux版本，但它們都使用了Linux內核。Linux可安裝在各種計算機硬體設備中，比如手機、平板電腦、路由器、視頻游戲控制台、台式計算機、大型機和超級計算機。
嚴格來講，Linux這個詞本身只表示Linux內核，但實際上人們已經習慣了用Linux來形容整個基於Linux內核，並且使用GNU 工程各種工具和資料庫的操作系統。

『拾』 Linux Kernel是什麼

Linux kernel 譯為 內核，其基礎為linux平台，linux為C語言編寫的內核，基於此內核又衍生出了具體的Red hat linux 、open suse linux等具體的操作系統，一套基於Linux內核的完整操作系統叫作Linux操作系統，或是GNU/Linux。

對於linux kernel，先看它的目錄結構，這里只挑幾個重要的說明。
arch 包括所有和體系結構相關的核心代碼。從裡面我們能看到arm、alpha、i386、mips、ia64這些文件夾,每種處理器架構都有不一樣的硬體模塊，這里就是要針對不同的架構進行不同的初始化。
init包含內核的初始化代碼（不是系統的引導代碼），其中有一個main.c文件，用於執行內核所有的初始化工作（包括初始化內存、初始化所有硬體、創建第一個任務task0，設置中斷允許標志位），然後移到用戶模式調用fork()函數創建新進程，並在控制台運行shell。
kernel 包含內核管理的核心代碼，瞅這名就知道，這貨是個重量級目錄，所有的處理任務的程序，包括fork、exit、調度程序(sched.c)以及一些系統調用(sys.c)、信號處理(signal.c)、時間函數(time.c)，還有中斷異常處理、電源管理等等一系列調用關系錯綜復雜的函數。
mm 包含所有的內存管理代碼。其中包括實現進程的邏輯地址到實際物理地址的映射，實現分頁、分段機制，實現內存頁面異常中斷處理程序等。
drivers包含系統中所有的設備驅動程序，比如什麼cdrom啊bluetooth啊pci、i2c這些。
ipc 包含核心進程間的通信代碼。
fs 存放Linux支持的文件系統代碼，裡面有ext2、ext3、ext4、fat、ntfs等等一堆目錄。
net 內核的網路部分代碼，其每個子目錄對應於網路的一個方面，比如ieee80211、ipv4、ipv6這些目錄。
lib 包含核心的庫代碼，什麼strcpy、sprintf、sort這些函數都在裡面。更多Linux知識可參考《Linux就該這么學》。