A. 啟動oracle資料庫命令
（1）startup（用sys用戶或者其他擁有啟動資料庫許可權的用戶登錄資料庫軟體，然後執行該命令即可，如果存在多個實例，請在啟動前確認SID），資料庫有三個狀態nomount，mount，和open，默認開啟到open，如果開啟到另外兩個狀態，那麼可以通過alter命令改變狀態。
（2）如果是rac中啟停資料庫節點，那麼有專門的命令srvcrl（這個僅僅是命令的操作符，後面有參數的，參數我就不寫了，具體可以查一下，網上很多與偶內容的），另外還有crscrl（啟停crs服務的命令，同樣也是操作符，後面有參數的，這里也不寫了，自己查一下就可以了）
（3）啟動資料庫還有一個命令就是啟動監聽，lsnrctl命令（後面同樣有參數，能啟動停止，也能查詢監聽狀態，這個監聽的基本命令）
B. Oracle 12c RAC，其中一個節點資料庫實例起不來，怎麼辦
兩個節點，第一個節點能正常啟動，但第二個節點報錯。
無論是在集群還是在實例，都無法啟動資料庫實例。
[grid@m2 ~]$ srvctl start instance -d mdb -i mdb2
PRCR-1013 : 無法啟動資源 ora.mdb.db
PRCR-1064 : 無法在節點 m2 上啟動資源 ora.mdb.db
ORA-00203: ??????????
ORA-00202: ????: ''+DATA/mdb/controlfile/current.268.821031437''
CRS-2674: 未能啟動 'ora.mdb.db' (在 'm2' 上)
[grid@m2 ~]$ pwd
/home/grid
[grid@m2 ~]$ ll
總計 4
drwxrwxr-x 3 grid oinstall 4096 07-15 15:35 oradiag_grid
[grid@m2 ~]$ pwd
/home/grid
[grid@m2 ~]$ srvctl status asm -n m1
ASM 正在 m1 上運行
[grid@m2 ~]$ srvctl status asm -n m2
ASM 正在 m2 上運行
ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel
使用相同的pfile啟動。
SQL> startup pfile='/opt/app/oracle/proct/11.2.0/dbs/initmdb1.ora';
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1607008256 bytes
Fixed Size 1336820 bytes
Variable Size 469764620 bytes
Database Buffers 1124073472 bytes
Redo Buffers 11833344 bytes
ORA-00203: using the wrong control files
ORA-00202: control file: '+DATA/mdb/controlfile/current.268.821031437'
NODE M2:
SQL> show parameter control
NAME TYPE
------------------------------------ ---------------------------------
VALUE
------------------------------
control_file_record_keep_time integer
7
control_files string
+DATA/mdb/controlfile/current.
268.821031437, +RECOVERY/mdb/c
ontrolfile/current.269.8210314
39
control_management_pack_access string
DIAGNOSTIC+TUNING
SQL>
NODE M1:
SQL> show parameter control
NAME TYPE
------------------------------------ ---------------------------------
VALUE
------------------------------
control_file_record_keep_time integer
7
control_files string
+DATA/mdb/controlfile/current.
268.821031437, +RECOVERY/mdb/c
ontrolfile/current.269.8210314
39
control_management_pack_access string
DIAGNOSTIC+TUNING
SQL>
懷疑是虛擬機中的磁碟設置問題，修改虛擬機文件
把 scsi0:1.type="disk"
修改為：
scsi0:1.shared="TRUE"
其它兩項不變
scsi0:1.virtualDev = "lsilogic"
scsi0:1.SharedBus="Virtual"
所有共享磁碟修改後為：
scsi0:1.virtualDev = "lsilogic"
scsi0:1.sharedBus = "VIRTUAL"
scsi0:1.shared="TRUE"
disk.locking="FALSE"
========================================================
修改後，再啟動實例，還是無法啟動，報控制文件出錯：
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1607008256 bytes
Fixed Size 1336820 bytes
Variable Size 520096268 bytes
Database Buffers 1073741824 bytes
Redo Buffers 11833344 bytes
ORA-00214: control file '+RECOVERY/mdb/controlfile/current.269.821031439'
version 1199 inconsistent with file
'+DATA/mdb/controlfile/current.283.821115539' version 522
SQL> show parameter spfile;
NAME TYPE
------------------------------------ ---------------------------------
VALUE
------------------------------
spfile string
+DATA/mdb/spfilemdb.ora
SQL> select instance_name from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME
------------------------------------------------
mdb1
SQL> show parameter spfile;
NAME TYPE
------------------------------------ ---------------------------------
VALUE
------------------------------
spfile string
+DATA/mdb/spfilemdb.ora
SQL> select instance_name from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME
------------------------------------------------
mdb1
SQL> create pfile from spfile;
File created.
SQL> shutdown abort;
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> exit
[oracle@m1 dbs]$ vi initmdb1.ora
[oracle@m1 dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Proction on Thu Jul 18 15:24:51 2013
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup pfile='/opt/app/oracle/proct/11.2.0/dbs/initmdb1.ora';
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1607008256 bytes
Fixed Size 1336820 bytes
Variable Size 520096268 bytes
Database Buffers 1073741824 bytes
Redo Buffers 11833344 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL>
[oracle@m1 dbs]$ rman target /
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Proction on Thu Jul 18 15:29:09 2013
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database (not started)
RMAN> startup nomount;
Oracle instance started
Total System Global Area 1607008256 bytes
Fixed Size 1336820 bytes
Variable Size 520096268 bytes
Database Buffers 1073741824 bytes
Redo Buffers 11833344 bytes
RMAN> restore controlfile to '+DATA' from '+RECOVERY/mdb/controlfile/current.269.821031439';
Starting restore at 2013-07-18 15:30:28
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=143 instance=mdb1 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: copied control file
Finished restore at 2013-07-18 15:30:36
RMAN> restore controlfile to '+DATA' from '+RECOVERY/mdb/controlfile/current.269.821031439';
Starting restore at 2013-07-18 15:38:57
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: copied control file
Finished restore at 2013-07-18 15:39:05
RMAN> exit
恢復控制文件的同時，可以在其它窗口看到增加的控制文件名稱：
ASMCMD> ls
Current.256.820944177
Current.268.821031437
current.282.821115029
ASMCMD> ls
Current.256.820944177
Current.268.821031437
current.282.821115029
current.283.821115539
ASMCMD>
後面兩個文件是這次恢復的。
修改pfile,添加進去：
*.control_files='+DATA/mdb/controlfile/current.282.821115029','+DATA/mdb/controlfile/current.283.821115539','+RECOVERY/mdb/controlfile/current.269.821031439'
再次使用pfile啟動資料庫後，建立spfile 文件。
SQL> startup pfile='/opt/app/oracle/proct/11.2.0/dbs/initmdb1.ora';
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1607008256 bytes
Fixed Size 1336820 bytes
Variable Size 520096268 bytes
Database Buffers 1073741824 bytes
Redo Buffers 11833344 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL>
create spfile='+DATA/mdb/spfilemdb.ora' from pfile='/opt/app/oracle/proct/11.2.0/dbs/initmdb1.ora';
修改pfile文件指定到新生成的共享磁碟中的spfile
[oracle@m1 dbs]$ cat initmdb1.ora
SPFILE='+DATA/mdb/spfilemdb.ora'
[oracle@m1 dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Proction on Thu Jul 18 15:53:56 2013
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1607008256 bytes
Fixed Size 1336820 bytes
Variable Size 520096268 bytes
Database Buffers 1073741824 bytes
Redo Buffers 11833344 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL>
完成後，再另一個節點啟動資料庫實例：
[oracle@m2 dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Proction on Thu Jul 18 15:58:55 2013
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1607008256 bytes
Fixed Size 1336820 bytes
Variable Size 469764620 bytes
Database Buffers 1124073472 bytes
Redo Buffers 11833344 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> create table tst_tbs(id number(10),prod_name varchar2(50));
Table created.
SQL> insert into tst_tbs values(1,'test name');
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
在另一個實例中可以看到剛才插入的數據。
SQL> select id,prod_name from tst_tbs;
ID
----------
PROD_NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
test name
SQL> select instance_name from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME
------------------------------------------------
mdb1
SQL>
在RAC中，看到資料庫沒啟動起來，再次使用RAC的命令啟動一下資料庫，完成。
[grid@m1 ~]$ crs_stat -t
Name Type Target State Host